Comparison of Trade Rivalries Essay Example For Students

Examination of Trade Rivalries Essay The German-Great Britain exchange contention like the U.S.- Japan exchange competition included a rising force cutting into the exchange ofan effectively predominant exchanging power. There were a few reasons for the German-Great Britain exchange competition as indicated by Hoffman. The first was Germans industrys enthusiasm in getting new agreements and extending markets. They did this by satisfying agreements regardless of whether they were extremely little and continually attempting to keep awake with advertise request. Second, Germans had an information on dialects that the English firms needed. Third, German industry was helped by their legislature. Interestingly Great Britain didn't gracefully consular help with creating markets in British states. Fourth, British exchange was harmed bythe conservatism of British makers who were reluctant to grow new markets or clutch those it previously had. These four elements are only a portion of the variables that helped German industry develop and rival that of Great Britain. These four variables are generally fundamentally the same as the Japan-U.S. exchange contention. Japan like Germany had the option to get up to speed to the U. S. since the U.S. was huge and presumptuous and wouldn't trust it could confront rivalry from Japan. Like Britain, U.S. industry accepted that they could clutch showcases and would not confront rivalry. English and U. S. industry were surprised by the quick pace of development and industrialization that permitted Germany and Japan to change themselves rapidly into exchanging rivals. This quick pace of development likewise caused rubbing between the two arrangements of nations. Relations among Germany and Great Britain were harmed as they quibbled over business sectors specifically settlements in Africa . This is like the grinding between the U.S. also, Japan uncalled for exchanging rehearses and shut markets. Both the U. S. what's more, Great Britain in light of losing markets played with the possibility of monetary patriotism and levies. As Britain lost markets to Germany numerous in Britain felt that Britain ought to receive taxes on products while others known as the free brokers accepted that an unhindered commerce would profit Britain by making markets. This split between Tariff Reformers and Free Traders is like the split in the U. S. between those with the expectation of complimentary exchange and those restricted to it. Germanys get for new markets during the 1890s through business settlements, for example, the 1891 bargain with Austria-Hungry is like both the United States and Japans unhindered commerce zones with neighboring nations utilizing arrangements, for example, ASEAN and NAFTA. The German-Great Britain exchange contention is diverse then the U. S.- Japan exchange contention in light of the fact that an enormous division of Japans advertise for selling merchandise is the United States who it is going up against; this was not valid for Germany. Both Britain and Germany were seeking markets outside of both their nations. Likewise the exchange contention among Japan and the United States didn't include a battle about provinces. Exchange contentions among rising and predominant forces change minimal after some time. The German-British exchange contention and the Japan U.S. competition were fundamentally the same as in their causes, impacts, and the arrangements that the two arrangements of governments used to defeat their exchanging rival.Category: Miscellaneous

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia The Ubaid (articulated ooh-bayed), here and there spelled Ubaid and alluded to as Ubaidian to keep it separate from the sort site of el Ubaid, alludes to a timeframe and a material culture showed in Mesopotamia and contiguous territories which predateâ the ascent of the extraordinary urban communities. The Ubaid material culture, including artistic beautiful styles, antiquity types and structural structures, existed between around 7300-6100 years prior, over the tremendous Near Eastern area between the Mediterranean to the Straits of Hormuz, including portions of Anatolia and maybe the Caucasus mountains. The geographic spread of Ubaid or Ubaid-like earthenware, a ceramics style which has dark geometric lines drawn on a buff-hued body, has driven a few scientists (Carter and others) to recommend that a progressively exact term may be Near Eastern Chalcolithic dark on-buff skyline instead of Ubaid, which infers that the center zone for the way of life was southern Mesopotamia-el Ubaid is in southern Iran. Thank heavens, so far theyre holding off on that. Stages While there is boundless acknowledgment of the ordered phrasing for Ubaid earthenware production, as you may expect, dates are not supreme over the whole district. In southern Mesopotamia, the six time frames range between 6500-3800 BC; yet in different districts, Ubaid just kept going somewhere in the range of ~5300 and 4300 BC. Ubaid 5, Terminal Ubaid starts ~4200 BCUbaid 4, when known as Late Ubaid ~5200Ubaid 3 Tell al-Ubaid style and period) ~5300Ubaid 2 Hajji Muhammad style and period) ~5500Ubaid 1, Eridu style and period, ~5750 BCUbaid 0, Ouelli period ~6500 BC Rethinking the Ubaid Center Researchers are reluctant today to re-characterize the center zone from which the possibility of Ubaid culture spread out in light of the fact that the provincial variety is so broad. Rather, at a workshop at the University in Durham in 2006, researchers recommended that the social likenesses seen over the locale created from a tremendous between local mixture of impacts (see Carter and Philip 2010 and different articles in the volume). Development of the material culture is accepted to have spread all through the district basically by tranquil exchange, and different neighborhood allotments of a mutual social personality and formal belief system. While most researchers despite everything propose a Southern Mesopotamian cause for dark on-buff pottery, proof at Turkish locales, for example, Domuztepe and Kenan Tepe is starting to disintegrate that see. Ancient rarities The Ubaid is characterized by a moderately little arrangement of qualities, with a critical level of provincial variety, due to some degree to varying social and ecological setups over the locale. Commonplace Ubaid earthenware is a high-terminated buff body painted in dark, the enhancements of which become less complex after some time. Shapes incorporate profound dishes and bowls, shallow dishes and globular containers. Design structures incorporate an unattached tripartite house with a T-molded or cruciform focal corridor. Open structures have a comparative development and a comparable size, yet have outer veneers with specialties and braces. The corners are situated to the four cardinal directionsâ and once in a while are constructed top stages. Different antiques incorporate dirt circles with spines (which may be labrets or ear spools), twisted mud nails which were obviously used to crush mud, Ophidian or cone-headed earth dolls with espresso bean eyes, and mud sickles. Head-molding, alteration of childrens heads at or close to birth, is an as of late recognized attribute; copper refining at XVII at Tepe Gawra. Trade merchandise incorporate lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. Stamp seals are regular at certain locales, for example, Tepe Gawra and Degirmentepe in northern Mesopotamia and Kosak Shamai in northwest Syria, however not evidently in southern Mesopotamia. Mutual Social Practices A few researchers contend that finished open vessels operating at a profit on-buff earthenware production speak to confirm for feastingâ or in any event the mutual custom utilization of food and drink. By Ubaid period 3/4, area wide the styles got less complex from their previous structures, which were exceptionally embellished. That may connote a move towards shared personality and solidarity, a thing additionally reflected in collective burial grounds. Ubaid Agriculture Little archaeobotanical proof has been recuperated from Ubaid period locales, aside from tests as of late detailed from a consumed tri-partite house at Kenan Tepe in Turkey, involved between 6700-6400 BP, inside the Ubaid 3/4 progress. The fire that devastated the house came about in theâ excellent conservation of almost 70,000 examples of roasted plant material, including a reed bushel loaded with very much safeguarded singed materials. Plants recouped from Kenan Tepe were ruled byâ emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and two-paddled hulled barley (Hordeum vulgareâ v.â distichum). Additionally recouped were littler measures of triticum wheat, flax (Linum usitassimum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum). Elites and Social Stratification During the 1990s, Ubaid was viewed as a genuinely libertarian culture, and it is genuine thatâ social rankingâ is not clear in any Ubaid site. Given the nearness of expounded stoneware in the early period, andâ public architectureâ in the later, nonetheless, that doesnt appear to be likely, and archeologists have perceived unpretentious signs which seem to help the repressed nearness of elites even from Ubaid 0, in spite of the fact that its conceivable that first class jobs may have been momentary right off the bat. By Ubaid 2 and 3, there is obviously a move in labor from enriched single pots to an accentuation on open design, for example, buttressed sanctuaries, which would have profited the whole network as opposed to a little gathering of elites. Researchers propose that may have been an intentional activity to stay away from gaudy showcases of riches and influence by elites and rather feature network collusions. That proposes that force relied upon partnership systems and control of neighborhood assets. As far as settlement designs, by Ubaid 2-3, southern Mesopotamia had a two-level chain of command with a couple of enormous locales of 10 hectares or bigger, including Eridu, Ur, and Uqair, encompassed by littler, conceivably subordinate towns. Ubaid Cemetery at Ur In 2012, researchers at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia and the British Museum started joint work on another task, to digitize C. Leonard Woolleys records at Ur. Individuals from the Ur of the Chaldees: A Virtual Vision of Woolleys Excavationsâ project as of late rediscovered skeletal material from Urs Ubaid levels, which had been lost from the record database. The skeletal material, found in a plain box inside Penns assortments, spoke to a grown-up male, one of 48 interments discovered covered in what Woolley called the flood layer, a sediment layer nearly 40 feet deep inside Tell al-Muqayyar. In the wake of exhuming the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Woolley looked for the most punctual degrees of the tell by unearthing a tremendous channel. At the base of the channel, he found a thick layer of water-laid sediment, in places as much as 10 feet thick. The Ubaid-time frame internments had been exhumed into the sediment, and underneath the burial ground was one more social layer. Woolley discovered that in its soonest days, Ur was situated on an island in a swamp: the sediment layer was the aftereffect of an extraordinary flood. The individuals covered in the graveyard had lived after that flood and were buried inside the flood stores. One potential historicâ precursor of the Biblical flood story is believed to be that of the Sumerian story of Gilgamesh. To pay tribute to that custom, the examination group named the recently rediscovered entombment Utnapishtim, the name of the man who endure the incredible flood in the Gilgamesh rendition. Sources Beech M. 2002. Angling in the Ubaid: a survey of fish-bone arrays from early ancient seaside settlements in the Arabian bay. Diary of Oman Studies 8:25-40. Carter R. 2006. Boat Antiquity 80:52-63. remains and sea exchange the Persian Gulf during the 6th and fifth mllennia BC. Carter RA, and Philip G. 2010. Deconstructing the Ubaid. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors. Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and combination in the late ancient social orders of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. Connan J, Carter R, Crawford H, Tobey M, Charriã ©-Duhaut A, Jarvie D, Albrecht P, and Norman K. 2005. A relative geochemical investigation of bituminous pontoon stays from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ras al-Jinz (Oman). Arabian Archeology and Epigraphyâ 16(1):21-66. Graham PJ, and Smith A. 2013. A typical day for  Antiquity 87(336):405-417.an Ubaid family: archaeobotanical examinations at Kenan Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Kennedy JR. 2012. Commensality and work in terminal Ubaid northern Mesopotamia. Journal for Ancient Studiesâ 2:125-156. Pollock S. 2010. Practices of every day life in fifth thousand years BC Iran and Mesopotamia. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors. Beyond the Ubaid: change and reconciliation in the late ancient social orders of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 93-112. Stein GJ. 2011. Reveal to Zeiden 2010. Oriental Institute Annual Report. p 122-139. Stein G. 2010. Local characters and connection circles: Modeling provincial variety in the Ubaid skyline. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors. Beyond the Ubaid: change and combination in the late ancient social orders of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 23-44. Stein G. 1994. Economy, custom, and force in Ubaid Mesopotamia. In: Stein G, and Rothman MS, editors. Chiefdoms and . Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity

Is this the real life

Is this the real life Good evening. This is Ruth Miller, field reporter for Sams blog, coming to you blogged from the Athena cluster in Building 12. While your usual author is at home in H-burg, I get to tell you about my recent adventure down memory lane. And for those of you who I havent told a billion times already, Im almost an international student. Im from Hazzard County, Georgia. Ok, actually, theres no such thing as Hazzard County, Georgia, but the Dukes of Hazzard TV show was filmed in my hometown of Covington, as well as In the Heat of the Night, certain scenes of Remember the Titans, and countless other things you havent seen. At the risk of sounding like a bad Xanga entry, Ill warn you, gentle reader, that thar be complainin ahead. So Ill summarize the life lessons contained within the rest of the story, so with easy browsing you can avoid all that mess. 1) Enjoy your hometown before you leave 2) Say everything you wanted to say to everyone before you go 3) Once you leave, dont look back 4) Dont throw diesel fuel on a fire 5) Dont invite someone to something, even if you dont think theyll go, unless you want them to come As for the members of the class of 09, preparing to leave thier respective wombs, ye be advised to bolster your courage and read on. Much more interestingly, the actual Duke [(Georgia Southern) 07] of Hazzard was in South Alabama a few weeks ago, and decided to see how big of a fire he and his step-brother-in-law could make using dry wood and diesel, and landed up in the hospital with third-degree burns. Hell be ok, Mobile, AL has the countrys third best burn unit, but this just goes to show that any and all mistakes you make will be richoted again and again within the corridors of gossip in a small town. So for the telling of the tale, Ill set the scene: Ive had difficulty re-acclimating to the slow-paced Georgia environment before. I felt bad that I hadnt made any plans to go home since Christmas, so when a friend of mine, Cathie (UGA) 07, invited me to a free concert with Garbage, my most favoritest band ever, from Atlantas Alternative Radio Station 99x, I placed a few calls and bought plane tickets home. I work Monday through Thursday for the MATCH school, so I planned to leave Thursday afternoon and return Sunday night, maximizing Georgia time. Better yet, my dear friend Coop (Eastside High School) 05 invited me to the football game Friday night. Better yet, Waites (UGA) 08 offered to pick me up at the airport, which assures a good time to be had by all. Waites (UGA) 08, Brandon (Georgia State) 08 and Aundre picked me up at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, and our first stop was Waffle House. I love Boston, but theres almost no place to go for food late at night, and certainly nothing as cheap as WaHo (except Despinas, but its a pizza place, so no comparison). Suffice it to say, that my body has lost the ability to process Waffle House food, so the rest Thursday evening saw me kind of cranky. The night almost ended in a sketchy, sketchy way, except that I am significantly lamer than my friends and put an end to their fun. The next day involved getting my eyes checked, a new drivers license, and a haircut, but can be summarized with one observation: = In other words: dating = mom gets to be a grandmother Far, far too many people are way, way too blunt about the issues of marraige and reproduction, especially as they pertain to me. Youd think by the number of Protect Families: Ban Homosexual Marraige bumper stickers, marraige would be something to take seriously and not rush into. So because Ive been dating my boyfriend (readers, you may remember Matt 08 from Sweet Transvestite) for a little under a year, that means grandbabies for my mom. Clearly. The rest of the weekend was similar. The football game turned out to be a scrimmage, which I missed, and we lost, and then Coop (EHS) 06, who had insisted on meeting up in the first place, ditched us at WaHo. I was ditched again by Cathie (UGA) 07 for the Garbage concert, my primary motivation to fly to Georgia in the first place, and again for dinner by Robin (Emory) 06, except his girlfriend Noreen (Alabama) G was in town, which happens rarely, and everyone forgot his birthday, so its a legitimate excuse. Those that didnt ditch me moved back to school on Saturday, so the weekend was rather anticlimactic. Additionally, new smoking regulations have made my favorite resturant, The Vortex, now 21 and up, and that was the final straw. [Georgia law defines life as beginning at conception, so technically Im 21 already, but as in most things, just being polite can get you very far.] So aside from a few magic moments, the weekend was a bust. The major feelings I have boil down to: * Theres no one I can relate to. Last Christmas, Matt 08 came to visit and used the word viscous in casual conversation, and no one else at the eight-person table at WaHo knew what it meant. * Life has progressed easily as if I was never there. For example: the changed locks at my house, the remodeling of my bathroom and bedroom, the selling of my beloved car, and the continuation of everyones lives in a way strikingly similar to their existence when I was present. * Most people never left high school. Most of my friends live very close to one another at UGA, so their world is just an extension high school. While Ive moved on a created a new life for myself, they have the same opinions, views, and level of maturity as ever. Its frustrating to try and interact with someone youve respected as an equal, but see them behave like something else. * Everyone forgot about me. This might just apply to people from small towns, theres a certain warm-fuzzyness that comes with knowing people where every you go. I knew people that worked everywhere. Brandon (GS) 08 would bring cheese biscuits from Red Lobster to Waites (UGA) 08s house, and wed go hang out with Andrew (Dekalb Tech) 06 at Subway. Now, its like Im a stranger in town. I dont see people I know anywhere. Being a big fish in a small pond kicks ass, but now being there makes me just another fish out of water. I expect anonymity in Boston, but its hard to have it thrust upon you where it wasnt before. This all sounds like a bad Xanga, and I admit it. I dont think, however, that Im the only one that thinks these things about their homes. Leaving was hard not that I wasnt excited, but it seems certain people knew that it was the end of a way of life that cant be re-entered. My boss (UGA) 74 cried when I left after four years, and thinking about him now, that image gives me a funny feeling. My dad is a pretty reserved and introverted guy, so its on me to keep conversations going. One-way is hard, and Ive gotten horrible about keeping up, with him and tons of other people. It wasnt all burn victims and abandonment, though. There were two major highlights. Friday night, I sang Bohemian Rhapsody a cappella with Waites (UGA 08 and Noel (DT) 06 in the car on our way to the pool hall. As an official Georgia-best friend, Waites (UGA) 08 has the uncanny ability to sense which part of a multi-part song youre going to take, and then sing counter, so it actually sounds really cool. It helps that we all know the words, and that Waites nailed the instrumentals, so it all turned into an awesome six minutes and 34 seconds. I should mention that it is Waites (UGA) 08s ambition in life to be a rock star. Futhermore, I had a real heart-to-heart with Brandon (GS) 08 at WaHo. He apologized for giving me grief last summer, and said he understands why I went a little crazy. Coming to Covington after a year in any big city will drive you a little nuts. I told him that at one point, it was so bad I had the physical sensation that if I were to sit still and stop thinking, I could literally feel myself suffocating. No joke. I thought I was going crazy at the time, but Brandon (GS) 08 said he understood, but to him it was more of a hair-pulling negative pressure differential. He didnt call it that, but its what he meant. Waites (UGA) 08 felt more of a spinning-dizziness action. So at least if Im crazy, they are, too. So thanks to Waites (UGA) 08, Brandon (GS) 08, and Andrew (DT) 06 for keeping me sane on another trip to Covington. You may all hate math, but you still understand me a heck of a lot better than anyone else in Georgia.

Family Systems Theory The Family System Theory - 976 Words

Family Systems Theory Columbia College Katie Jasper Mrs. Terri Carter Abstract The attached paper is an overview of The Family Systems Theory. Which is based on the work and research of Dr. Bowen. This is an significant theoretical approach within group counseling and therapy. It focuses on the role and impact of the person s original family to identify negative patterns. Evidence is used within the paper to showcase the appropriate usage and application of the theory. â€Å" Unresolved issues with our original families are the most important unfinished business of our lives (Chen,2004).† Group work and their related therapies are no easy task. As our text indicates â€Å"... dynamics of groups challenge even the most seasoned therapists (Chen,2004).† Thankfully there are tools to utilize; it is these tools that allow group counseling to do its work. Several theoretical approaches are outlined in our text. The focus of this paper will be on that of the Family Systems Theory. The Family Systems Theory is based on the work of Dr.Murray Bowen as well as other theorists (Chen,2004). Dr. Bowen was a psychiatrist from Georgetown University, it was his research and experience that led to a great understanding of the family and its role. According to Bowen every family member has a fixed role that they play (Bradshaw,1995). These roles are consistently maintained within families, so that the system may strive forShow MoreRelatedFamily Systems Theory : Family System Theory1789 Words   |  8 Pages Family Systems Theory In many ways family systems theory can be seen as a broad field where there many different implications that make up the system, it is a system. A system is a set of objects that are bound together by a relationship, which are based around the attributes of the objects as drawn upon by (Janet.BB, 1982). Family systems theory addresses the many different ideals and values that make up a typical family, these include the roles each member of the family, the power relationsRead MoreFamily Systems Theory And The Family System Theory1389 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the family. One can use The Family Systems Theory to be able to better understand divorce and its negative consequences. The Family Systems Theory views family as an emotional unit and individuals cannot be understood by themselves; they are understood better as a family as a whole (Hammond, Cheney, Pearsey). This theory views divorce as a negative thing that also has negative consequences. A family will fall apart if it is not made up of all of the typical members of a family (i.e. fatherRead MoreFamily Systems Theory : Family System Theory2174 Words   |  9 PagesWithin every family exists a system within itself. Family systems theory proposes that each family member affects the other, which contributes to the overall dynamic of the family system. In every family, there are three concepts that govern how a family functions, whether positive or negative. Homeostasis is how members attempt to keep order and control, feedback is how they communicate and bond with each other, and boundaries are how the family creates clear lines of contact between each otherRead MoreFamily And The Family System Theory 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze this Family is with the Family system theory. This theory states that the family functions as a system Within this system are rules, power structures and different patterns of communication. In this theory the family is seen as a whole rather than as its individual parts. We also assume that the family functions off of circular causality and redundancy principle plays a role in the family rules. The concepts that I am going to use to describe this family will include; family cohesion, communicationRead MoreTheory And Family Systems Theory1465 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the semester we have touched upon three important theories relating to social work and the social environment. Eriksonian theory, role theory and family systems theory have crucial aspects in understanding a person’s development. Eriksonian theory brings a positive outlook about people’s ability to change, the belief that clients have a sense of good judgment to do w ell and succeed. Erikson believed that if children had a healthier ego, the more driven they are to move on to the next sageRead MoreFamily Systems Theory954 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Richard Charles (2001) â€Å"the effectiveness of family systems theory rests not much on empirical research but on clinical reports of positive treatment outcomes, the personal benefits experienced by the families that underwent this kind of treatment, and the elegance of Bowen’s theory† (p. 279). Bowen’s family systems theory views the family as an emotional unit and is a theory of human behavior. Systems thinking are used to describe the complex interactions in the unit. However, theRead MoreFamily Analysis : Family System Theory3709 Words   |  15 Pages Family Approach Research Paper Jamechya Carter Duncan Dr. Jill Joyce Marriage and Family Counseling October 7th, 2014 PART I: LITERATURE REVIEW After a thorough review of the textbook and the course material, the specific family system approach that I choose to explore is the Bowenian Approach for this literature review. This specific family system approach is also known as the Bowen Family System Theory as well (D.V. Papero, 2006). The Bowen Family System Theory was established by MurrayRead MoreFamily Crucible Family Systems Theory1249 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authors’ family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker. 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Attachment theory and Family Systems theory relates to the issues that arise when a parent is incarcerated. Attachment theory is based on the idea that children’s sense of contingent on the relationships formed with their caregivers. How assured they are in this security predicts the their development of cognitive and social skills continuing into adulthood (Makariev Shaver, 2010). Family systems theory explains how everyday functioning develops, either

Pseudoscience Detective or Fictional - 700 Words

The Scientific Americanâ„ ¢ defines pseudoscience as â€Å"a practice or belief that is known as scientific, but otherwise does not follow an acceptable scientific method, lacks subsidiary evidence or credibility, cannot be consistently tested, or lacks scientific standing.† When studying science, a key to finding â€Å"good† science is to make sure it is logical, based on facts and data, not opinions. Pseudoscience tends to appear more in the movie Sherlock Holmes by showcasing the unusual scientific theories used in the film by Holmes and Watson. Many evolutionary biologists and creationists argue over the facts displayed in the movie in order to prove both of their beliefs. â€Å"Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth.† (Holmes) Personally, I do not agree with this statement and I believe it follows pseudoscience. Whatever remains does not necessarily need to be the truth. If there is no scientifical proof, it does not follow scientific methods. Many scientists actually use quotes from Sherlock Holmes to win arguments. To me, this is absolutely ridiculous. They actually claim that these statements are coming from a place of logical certainty. How is that possible if they do not take into account that Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character and do not question his scientific reasoning? In 2005, scientific experts actually cited quotes from Sherlock Holmes in order to support their case against the Dover Area School

Ideology of Pakistan Free Essays

Definition of Ideology: Science of ideas, visionary speculations, and manner of thinking, characteristic of a class or individual, ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political theory or system is called Ideology. It contains those ideals, which a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring stability to its nationhood. Defining ideology, George Lewis say, â€Å"Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy† Ideology of Pakistan: Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its basic principle being The only sovereign is Allah: Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. Quaid-e-Azam said Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam. From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one. Two Nation Concepts: The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition. On one occasion Quaid-e-Azam said, The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws. Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two nations in the Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan. Elements of Ideology of Pakistan: 1. Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophers, social customs, and literatures. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Therefore, Muslim nation demanded a separate homeland where they could have the freedom to practice their religion and live their lives as free individuals of an independent country. There are five principles/elements of the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 1. Islam 2. Two Nation Theory 3. Territorial Land 4. Democratic System 5. Urdu Language 1. Islam, a Nation-Building Force: Pakistan came into being on the basis of Islam. It was only Islam, which galvanized Muslims and lined them up behind Muslim League. Other factors, political and economic ones, also played some part in uniting Muslims to struggle for Pakistan but Islam was the preponderant factor as it serves as a cementing force for Muslim society and is the primary link between Muslims the world over. Everything else follows Islam. The entire struggle of the Muslims of the subcontinent was to have a state where they could freely maintain their Islamic entity. No other factor was so clear and intelligible for Muslim masses. Muslims gradually developed a national consciousness in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent; they collectively struggled for the right of self-determination and the establishment of an independent homeland to be carved out from those territories where they constituted majorities where Islam could be accepted as the ideal pattern for the individual’s life. They eventually secured what they wanted. Hence, the historical fact which could not be denied is that the formation of the Muslim nation preceded the demand for a homeland. Pakistan itself did not give birth to any nation; on the contrary, the Muslim nation struggled for and brought Pakistan into being. Quaid-e-Azam said, We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles. Islamic ideology is not merely a matter of belief, dogma and ritual. It is a religion in the wider sense of the word. It is a way of life, a whole complex of social and moral norms entwined with theological metaphysics. The fundamental teachings of Islam are universally accepted. Belief in God, finality of prophet-hood, human rights and social justice, management of affairs through consensus, moral values of charitableness, tolerance and universal brotherhood; these are sonic of the cardinal principles enshrined by the Quran and Sunnah. The only force which keeps Muslim nation united is Islam which is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 2. Two-Nation Theory: The Two Nation Theory was the basis of struggle for creation of Pakistan. It implies that Muslims of Subcontinent were a nation quite distinct and separate from the Hindus. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to give the wake up call and decided to prepare Muslims to fight the advertisity with similar weapons – modern education and knowledge, employed for domination. With him, his Aligarh Movement, his books and magazine Tahzibul Akhlaq, he started an awareness movement. He prepared the ground for uniting and galvanizing Muslim community of the subcontinent. His colleagues including Nawab Mohsinul Mulk and others created conditions which led to the establishment of All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906, a landmark in the history of Pakistan Movement. On March 22, 1940 in his presidential address to the All-India Muslim League Lahore session, the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah made it plain that, The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry, nor interline together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. This was not a matter of mere hair-splitting but an everyday fact of life, which one cannot fail to feel in almost every sphere of human activity. This then is the crux and substance of the Two Nation Theory, which formed the basis of British India’s partition in two independent Hindu and Muslim States. The Hindu majority areas of India formed India and the Muslims majority regions came together under the unique name of Pakistan. On the same premises Quaid-e-Azam dismissed the wishes of the Hindu and the British colonialists for a joint Hindu Muslim nationhood as a pipe dream. With single-minded devotion be fought against this menace and succeeded in getting the idea of a separate Muslim identity recognized. In the 28th Annual Session of the Muslim League in 1941 in Madras, Quaid-e-Azam formally declared this objective as the ideology of the Muslim League. It is this very ideology which is the second important ingredient of ideology of Pakistan. . Territorial Land: Amongst constitutes of ideology of Pakistan, land is the third important element. A piece of land was necessary for the existence, stabilization and promotion of Islamic ideology as soul requires body. Quaid-e-Azam said in his address to Punjab Muslim Students Federation in March 1941, Nothing would be achieved simply by raising slogans for nation. We are one nation and the nation cannot survive in the air, it requires an independent land to settle where it can rule and our demand is the same. However, All-India Muslim League demanded a separate homeland constituting the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority such as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India on March 23, 1940. With Jinnah’s untiring efforts, indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the banner of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them within 7 years, despite stiff opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Government. 4. Democratic System: In an Islamic state, all the affairs are decided on the basis of Shariat (Democracy). In other words, the entire social, economic, political and the cultural affairs are operated on the basis of mutual consensus and Islamic democracy. The same system has also been referred in Surah Al-Imram, Muhammad (P. B. U. H) used to operate all the state affairs after discussing with his Sahabas (companions), when this questions rose that what would be the system of government in Pakistan, it should, no doubt, be Islamic. Islamic system of government is Islamic democracy or system of Shariat. Creation of Pakistan is the glorious example of ijma-e-ummat (national consensus). At the time of establishment of Pakistan, referendum was held in all the Muslim majority provinces to take their consent to the included in Pakistan. Sharai system of state, therefore, is the fifth ingredient of Pakistan. 5. Urdu Language: Language is not a fundamental characteristic of a nation, but still remains one of the features by which a nation may be distinguished or one of the grounds on which nationalism may be founded. In the sub-continent, Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims and Hindi to the Hindus. During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court language in the northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic Script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims. The movement grew quickly and within a few months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. This situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims. So Muslims also began to think about establishing a political party of their own for their survival and centralizing their efforts to have their rights. Consequently, All India Muslim League was established in December 30, 1906. The Urdu-Hindi controversy completely altered Sir Syed’s point of view. He had been a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity but after this event he put forward the Two-Nation Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly. Maulvi Abdul Haque aptly said, Urdu is the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan. Importance of Ideology in National Life: Ideology is a motivating force for a nation, which is striving hard to bring stability and homogeneity to its nation hood. It provides the binding force to the scattered groups in a society and brings them close to each other on a common platform. Ideologies impel their adherence to follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their goal. Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and create new cultures and civilizations. They stress on their adherents to insist on the realization of their ideal through total transformation of society. Conclusion: The fundamental concept of the ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are separate nation having their own culture, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation. They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves. Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quaid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947. How to cite Ideology of Pakistan, Papers

The Gods Essays - Conceptions Of God, Aristotle, Unmoved Mover

The Gods In today's times, religion is something that much of the world's population believes in. Gods, whether people believe in one or many, are seen as superior beings in which we can worship. However, I have recently learned a new way in seeing Gods from the viewpoint of Aristotle. "Whatever is in motion is moved by some cause. If the moving cause is itself in motion, then it must be moved by some other cause...the nature of every natural object is an unmoved mover...each eternal unmoved mover is a god" (Robinson, 52). As stated in the text, this is how Timothy Robinson sums up Aristotle's view of a god. In other words, he is saying that everything is in motion, and that motion is eternal. That eternal motion has a cause, and that cause has a cause, which is moved by an unmoved mover. This unmoved mover, or cause, is seen as a god. For Aristotle, Gods are not religious the way that we see them. For him, they are the most valuable things, next to metaphysics and The Soul. Aristotle feels that he needs the Gods to exist because the whole notion of them are a scientific problem, prior to the 1600's. The question always was, What keeps the universve running? He needs an answer to this so the Gods play that role, they function as an explanation. Before the 1600's, the earth was seen to be the center of the universe. All around the earth was spherical and stationary, in other words, nothing rotated. The planets and the moon are within the spherical shape, as well as the "sphere of the fixed stars." All of the items in the sky remain fixed with the exception of the five planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Each night the planets move slightly, which is the motion of the spheres that you want to know about. How the Gods move the spheres is the question. What exactly are the Gods? Aristotle explains them as being eternal but not a physical or material thing. The only type of thing that can be this is a pure form without matter. This is why the notion of the Gods is very non-Aristolian, because his whole concept is a combination of both form and matter. However, the Gods are seen as pure form without matter. The Gods do not chase motion in the way that we would think, a pushing motion. Instead, the planets move out of desire for the Gods. In other words, when I am hungry and I see food, I go to the food, I am driven to the food. So, the Gods are an object of desire for the platnest. The nature of the planets is to move out of desire to the Gods, they have a desired cause. The Gods are in a way perfect, however, not in the way that we see perfect. They are pure form, eternal, unchanging and the plantest move out of desire to imitate this perfection. Moving for the plantest is their way of expressing their desire to imitate this perfcetionl.

Losing the Constitution on the essays

Losing the Constitution on the essays Losing the Constitution on the Trail To most people in America in 1830 the Indians and their tribes were nothing. They were lower in stature than the black slaves on farms and in houses. But to some, they were regarded as human beings; people just like any other. People with rights. Rights given to them by their individual tribes, and by the country in which they lived, worked, and died. With the assumption that the American Indians were citizens of The United States in 1830 and after, this essay will prove that they were not only citizens of this country, but that their constitutional rights from the Bill of Rights were also violated. With first, for the sake of argument for the sake of this essay, we are assuming that the Indians were American citizens. And second, that in 1817, before he was president, Adams told then president Monroe, the Indians are subjects of the United States, inhabiting its territory and acknowledging its sovereignty, then is it not absurd for the sovereign to negotiate by treaty with the subject? In this statement Adams states that he thinks that the Indians are subjects of the United States, therefore making them citizens of the United States by progression from his statement. So if the Indians were citizens of the United States, a country formed fifty years earlier on the premise, "...that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among these the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Then which, if any of their unalienable rights, from the Bill of Rights, were violated by the actions of the government from the time of 1830 to 1840, primarily during the time leading up to and including the Trail of Tears? When looking at the Bill of Rights we find that only two really apply to this time period. Dont get me wrong, I am sure that the others more or less were als ...

The Case of the Missing Italics

The Case of the Missing Italics In a column by Boston Globe journalist Ellen Goodman, this odd-looking sentence caught my eye: Lets go back to a McCain op-ed that did run in The New York Times before the invasion. Funny, but Id seen this sort of thing before- in a George Will column (from May 2007) that appeared in the online edition of The New York Post: This citys taxi cartel is offering an audacious new rationalization for corporate welfare, asserting a right a (BEG ITAL)constitutional(END ITAL) right, (BEG ITAL)in perpetuity(END ITAL) to revenues it would have received if Minneapolis City Council had not ended the cartel that never should have existed. Obviously, the parenthetical remarks are computer-speak for begin and end italics- a message that in these two cases had been improperly coded, transmitted, or received. Not an especially newsworthy matter, perhaps, but the question arises: why do newspapers still experience such problems with italics? An answer, of sorts, can be found in The Associated Press Stylebook, the (American) journalists bible: Italic type face cannot be sent through AP computers. Turning for amplification to Ask the Editor at APStylebook.com, we find a number of inquiries pertaining to italicsall of them answered patiently by David Minthorn in more or less the same way: Is it correct to italicize car names, for example, would Prius in Toyota Prius be in italics? - from Pasadena, California on Wed, Jul 30, 2008Italics arent used for car names or anything else in AP news stories. Dont be confused by italicized examples in the AP Stylebook.What is the rule for the title of academic journals? Should they be italicized or put in quotation marks? - from Little Rock, AR on Wed, Jul 09, 2008AP uses straight type for titles of academic and other journals, no quotation marks or italics, principal words capitalized.Us Magazine (entire thing ital) or Us magazine (no ital on magazine)? - on Tue, Jun 03, 2008 Us Weekly . . . AP doesnt use italics in news stories.What is the correct style for the New England Journal of Medicine? Italics or quotation marks? Thanks in advance. - from Washington DC on Tue, May 06, 2008No quotes or italics for titles of publications, so its correct as written.Boat/Ship names should be italicized, but in the instance of USS Arizona, wo uld USS also be italicized? - on Tue, Apr 22, 2008The AP Stylebook would only use USS Arizona in italics as an example, to differentiate from a definition. In AP news stories, italics arent used because the typeface doesnt transmit through all computers. Were left to wonder which model of Kaypro computer the AP still relies on. Most style guides (those without AP in the name) advocate the use of italics for emphasis and with titles of complete works- books, plays, movies, magazines, CDs, television series, and works of art. But then, if you subscribe to The AP Stylebook, theres really nothing left to learn about italics. More About Online Resources for Writers: Top Three Grammar and Usage Advice SitesTop 10 Blogs for Writers, Editors, Teachers of WritingTop Five Business Writing Sites

Price Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Price Elasticity - Essay Example In this case, if goods A and B are complementary, they have to be purchased together for a consumer to reap their utility. Complementary goods have a negative cross elasticity of demand; this implies that the demand of good A increases when the price of good B is decreased, where goods A and B are complementary goods. Conversely, the demand for A is decreased when the price of B is increased. This basically means that when higher quantity of A is demanded due to price decline, the demand of B will equally increase since A cannot be used without B. substitute goods exhibit positive cross-price elasticity of demand. Suppose X and Y are substitute goods. When price of Y goes up, consumers will go for X at a cheaper price but with similar utility as Y The income elasticity of demand measures the degree of change in demand of a commodity in response to changes in consumer’s income level. Inferior goods are those goods that a person may consider using when they do not have enough money, for example a cheap car. With little income, the demand for cheap cars will go up. Once the income increases, people tend to prefer more expensive cars and hence the demand of cheap cars goes down. Normal goods have a normal demand curve. In this case, the demand of a normal god will increase as the level of income increases. Conversely, the demand of a normal commodity will decrease with the level of income (Tobin, 1987). Various aspects including the availability of substitute products or goods, necessity degree and the greater the elasticity of good demand mostly influence the price elasticity of goods demands. Generally, demand tends to be elastic when there is availability of substitute goods in the market (Landsburg, 2011). In this case, the greater the substitute products in the market would result to demand elasticity. The best example is the Coca-Cola and Pepsi situation where the market is always flooded with availability of substitute products thus making the demand

Understanding Buyers Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Buyers Value - Essay Example Understanding Buyers Value Michael Porter (1991. pp103) presented an internal value chain of an organization from conceptualization to delivery of products to customers and argued that "Buyer Value is created when a firm lowers its buyer's cost or enhances buyer's performance". From the author's perspective, the buyer's value is the positive perception of the buyer herself/himself that the organization has earned amidst many factors that influence the perception. The factors may be behaviour with the buyer, communications carried out with the buyer, clarity & transparency of information provided to the buyer, understanding of buyer's need, personalization of the solution against buyer's needs, discount levels provided to the buyer, value added services provided to the buyer. and after sales services & product upgradation services provided to the buyer whenever requested. It may be possible that the buyer has carried out competitive pricing analysis before the bargaining and hence the seller has to either justi fy higher price by demonstrating tangible value additions or simply quote lower than competition to sell the products. Hence, Porter's argument about lowering of buyer's cost and enhancing buyer's performance again gets applicable if the buyer appreciates these facts from her/his perspective. The firm’s perspective can at the most be to control the factors (value chain management) that can achieve the positive perceptions of the buyer – what the buyer finally perceives is the actual value achieved by the firm. The author strongly agrees about the theory of reduced sacrifice undertaken by the buyer because it strongly influences the perception of the buyer regarding the firm. Discussion Points Elmaghraby and Keskinocak (2003. pp1288-1289) presented the mechanism of dynamic pricing to get the best benefits out of increased customer demands and reduced inventories. In such cases, the firms tend to increase their prices which definitely tend to increase the sacrifice level of customers to acquire the prices. The author wishes to discuss if such dynamic pricing strategies in the attempt to get the best out of "favorable conditions for the firm" cause long term damage to the value perceptions of the customers which may backfire especially when the demands eases. Slater and Narver (1998. pp1000-1005) presented that long term competitive advantages of companies can be improved by carrying out innovations more towards market orientation than customer orientation. This is primarily because customers are grossly ignorant about their needs. But on the contrary it is true that customers perceive value on their own based on their social influences and past experiences. The author wishes to discuss how companies should be able to control the perceptions of customers to achieve positive buyer value if this theory about market orientation should be trusted Conclusion: The author presented own perspective about buyer's value stating that this largely depends upon the factors that drive positive perceptions in customer's mind. The best that an organization can do is to apply effective efforts to achieve this positive perceptio

Strategies for Risk Management in Construction

Strategies for Risk Management in Construction 1.1 Introduction Risk management is one of the subfields on nine knowledge area in project management. Risk management is about managing uncertainty that inherent in most projects that require formal project management, using ‘uncertainty in the plain English ‘lack of certainty sense. Risk management also refer to a series of processes which are required for the identification, analysis, and reaction towards the projects risk in order to maximize the effects of positive uncertainty even and minimize the consequences of negative uncertainty even. Risk management also been organise in developed countries. This due to the risk management is better applied in the developed countries. Comparing with other countries with various situations, Malaysia is a developing country which the politic, economy, social and technology have mad specific risks especially related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of risk is not so systematic and requires more research and development. Malaysia seems to be developing countries because the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic will be burden if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is important to recognise the risks that endanger the plan. A lot of budget was spent on investment in the construction industry. The application of risk management will result in taking correct, regulated, and prompt decision through being informed about the environment despite the complication and changes in the construction industries. 1.2 Problem Statement Knowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays challenge and risk imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and external risks factor of the project, the managerial decision-making error will take place. Moreover, it will cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through risk management, it can identify the risk generating factor and control or remove such risk factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action. As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge area of project management, risk management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into risk management. There are no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for risk management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, current regulations cannot force construction parties to undertake risk management. So, by adopting scientific approach to risk management, introducing its process and eventually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project are a necessity. The issue of risk management was for the first time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk management is a new field, except for several seminars and universities research project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia. 1.3 Research Questions i. What kind of risks occurs in the construction projects and what are their factors? ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk? 1.4 Research Objectives i. To identify risk factors in construction industry. ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Study This research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this area. Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The reasons for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being executed in the company and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter will differ. As a result of this, to make sure the data obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company. 1.6 Expected Findings This research will achieve some precious advantages. First is to enhance the consciousness of different key personnel of project resulting in performing the project reliably while considering issues like risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor quality of products, cost overrun, and delays. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Risk will bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks will be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective will be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk factor in construction projects. 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 Risk Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances if it occur, it will give effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the construction project, there is a lot of risk in every phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. Construction firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developin g countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction market and to manage these risks before the actual execution of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancements in technologies, therefore a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each party has its different objectives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects. 2.2.2 Risk Factor Construction project is divided into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in proceeding with the project. The management of risk therefore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue between the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was transfer to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be sufficient had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier. 2.2.2 Risk Management Risk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector. According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project. 2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk Management There are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no standard method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operating the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is pure risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses. 2.3 Risk Management Process Project Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process 2.3.1 Risk Identification Risk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic. The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the experience summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored. Brainstorming is another method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide capacity of the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be given to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method. 2.3.3 Risk Analysis The risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix clarifying the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential. The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values. 2.3.4 Risk Evaluation Risk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the evaluation phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an accepted view of the proportionate of the recognized risks. Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a record of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking. 2.3.5 Risk Treatment Risk treatment comprises what should be done in order to give reaction to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing contingency plans with which to get back if a risk happen. 2.3.6 Monitoring and Review In monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other five steps must be remained under an examination as the time passes. Finding of better information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are immediately influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time. The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively. 2.3.7 Communication and Consultation Communication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them. 2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response Planning In every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk mitigation that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002). A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which are: i. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are available from several alternatives; ii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occur; iii. Risk control which when a process of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling technique; iv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. Sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on. 2.5 Classification of Risks in Construction The first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects. According to other study by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified that some of the most representative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area are: i. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners power of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect instability of currency exchange rates. ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations. iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation. iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management. On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which are: i. financial risks: the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study. ii. Technical risks: the checklist show allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries. iii. Risk related to change: the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study. iv. Consortium risk: in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification. v. Owner obligation risks: the checklist embraced factors which should be stated in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts. vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and incorrect design risk. 2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk Management According to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture within the industry. As a result, the lack of proficiency and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational learning becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance an d knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious. According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a fear of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance. According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer. 2.8 Risk Identification Methods In order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist. Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners. (Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner. In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire survey among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows: 3.2 Data Collection 3.2.1 Interview Interview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet. 3.2.2 Questionnaire Questionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies. The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry. 3.3 Data Analysis All returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test. 3.4 Measurement Most of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire. Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective. In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following format: Risk level Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost certain Score 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3.1: Risk factors In section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage. Strategies Not important Little important Average Important Very important Score 1 2 3 4 5 Strategies for Risk Management in Construction Strategies for Risk Management in Construction 1.1 Introduction Risk management is one of the subfields on nine knowledge area in project management. Risk management is about managing uncertainty that inherent in most projects that require formal project management, using ‘uncertainty in the plain English ‘lack of certainty sense. Risk management also refer to a series of processes which are required for the identification, analysis, and reaction towards the projects risk in order to maximize the effects of positive uncertainty even and minimize the consequences of negative uncertainty even. Risk management also been organise in developed countries. This due to the risk management is better applied in the developed countries. Comparing with other countries with various situations, Malaysia is a developing country which the politic, economy, social and technology have mad specific risks especially related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of risk is not so systematic and requires more research and development. Malaysia seems to be developing countries because the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic will be burden if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is important to recognise the risks that endanger the plan. A lot of budget was spent on investment in the construction industry. The application of risk management will result in taking correct, regulated, and prompt decision through being informed about the environment despite the complication and changes in the construction industries. 1.2 Problem Statement Knowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays challenge and risk imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and external risks factor of the project, the managerial decision-making error will take place. Moreover, it will cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through risk management, it can identify the risk generating factor and control or remove such risk factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action. As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge area of project management, risk management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into risk management. There are no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for risk management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, current regulations cannot force construction parties to undertake risk management. So, by adopting scientific approach to risk management, introducing its process and eventually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project are a necessity. The issue of risk management was for the first time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk management is a new field, except for several seminars and universities research project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia. 1.3 Research Questions i. What kind of risks occurs in the construction projects and what are their factors? ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk? 1.4 Research Objectives i. To identify risk factors in construction industry. ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Study This research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this area. Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The reasons for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being executed in the company and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter will differ. As a result of this, to make sure the data obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company. 1.6 Expected Findings This research will achieve some precious advantages. First is to enhance the consciousness of different key personnel of project resulting in performing the project reliably while considering issues like risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor quality of products, cost overrun, and delays. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Risk will bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks will be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective will be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk factor in construction projects. 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 Risk Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances if it occur, it will give effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the construction project, there is a lot of risk in every phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. Construction firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developin g countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction market and to manage these risks before the actual execution of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancements in technologies, therefore a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each party has its different objectives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects. 2.2.2 Risk Factor Construction project is divided into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in proceeding with the project. The management of risk therefore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue between the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was transfer to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be sufficient had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier. 2.2.2 Risk Management Risk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector. According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project. 2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk Management There are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no standard method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operating the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is pure risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses. 2.3 Risk Management Process Project Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process 2.3.1 Risk Identification Risk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic. The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the experience summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored. Brainstorming is another method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide capacity of the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be given to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method. 2.3.3 Risk Analysis The risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix clarifying the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential. The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values. 2.3.4 Risk Evaluation Risk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the evaluation phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an accepted view of the proportionate of the recognized risks. Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a record of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking. 2.3.5 Risk Treatment Risk treatment comprises what should be done in order to give reaction to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing contingency plans with which to get back if a risk happen. 2.3.6 Monitoring and Review In monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other five steps must be remained under an examination as the time passes. Finding of better information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are immediately influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time. The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively. 2.3.7 Communication and Consultation Communication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them. 2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response Planning In every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk mitigation that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002). A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which are: i. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are available from several alternatives; ii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occur; iii. Risk control which when a process of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling technique; iv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. Sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on. 2.5 Classification of Risks in Construction The first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects. According to other study by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified that some of the most representative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area are: i. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners power of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect instability of currency exchange rates. ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations. iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation. iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management. On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which are: i. financial risks: the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study. ii. Technical risks: the checklist show allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries. iii. Risk related to change: the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study. iv. Consortium risk: in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification. v. Owner obligation risks: the checklist embraced factors which should be stated in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts. vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and incorrect design risk. 2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk Management According to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture within the industry. As a result, the lack of proficiency and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational learning becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance an d knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious. According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a fear of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance. According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer. 2.8 Risk Identification Methods In order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist. Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners. (Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner. In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire survey among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows: 3.2 Data Collection 3.2.1 Interview Interview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet. 3.2.2 Questionnaire Questionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies. The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry. 3.3 Data Analysis All returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test. 3.4 Measurement Most of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire. Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective. In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following format: Risk level Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost certain Score 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3.1: Risk factors In section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage. Strategies Not important Little important Average Important Very important Score 1 2 3 4 5